How to Earn Money Online

Do you really want to make some money online so that you can pay some extra bills, or you will have some extra cash in your pocket? I was a person like you. I didn't have any money to spend on internet and wished to earn money from it. But I was ready to work hard and spend my time on it. If you can also spend some 
time of you in these fields you too can make money. Among the many uses of the internet, one is earning money online. There have been a lot of theories about this phenomena but the reality is that there is huge potential of making money on the internet. No and any Investment is not Need for this type of Work!

Ways to Earn Money Online

Here are the Some ways I used to make money from internet without spending a dime. Ever since the internet was made accessible to the public, people started to make use of this evolutionary invention in their own ways. 

Earn Money Online by Freelance Working:

Freelance working is one best way to earn hundreds of dollars or more than that. Sites like Elance.com, 99designs.com offer such opportunities. In 99designs.com, one can participate in any designing contest they have and if you are selected as the contest winner then you will have some good amount of money in your account. I tried my luck in there, but the competition is really tough and winning can be difficult. If you win some contest you could earn anywhere from $50 to $3000.

Elance:-

In Elance.com you place yourself ready to be engaged in freelance working. It can be tutoring others, designing, coding and anything that you can imagine of. And you can place an hourly rate for your work. If someone wanted some help they will pay you that rate and hire you to work.

Earning Money with Affiliate Marketing:

Affiliate marketing is the profitable job on Internet. You will earn commission for selling others products. Clickbank.com is a perfect place where you can find digital products like e-books, software's etc for sale. Most products have commissions above 40 percent and up to 75 percent. You have to just place a review about the product on your site including the affiliate link to the product. If your site receives lot of traffic then you can make some sales and thereby earn commissions. But a chance for earning money through Affiliate Marketing is less. It depends upon your ability to get others to click your affiliate link.

Sell Items to Earn Money On eBay:

This is known to all. E-bay offers platforms for anyone to sell their old products. It is just a horrifying method of earning money online. Instead it cannot be included in this list. Because the only work you do online is just placing a description and price about the product on E-bay. If someone wishes to buy the product you will have to do all those packing stuffs and parceling things. I don't like this and have never tried this. But it is a really profitable business.

Paid To Blogging:

Paid to blogging is something most newbie bloggers do. Submit your blog to sites like payperpost.com, sponsoredreviews.com. When your blog is approved you could bid on any open projects and write an article about the product on your blog. Mostly they are product reviews and a link is provided which you should include the post. You will be awarded the bid rate.

Earning with Blogging:

Blogging is the toughest way to earn money. It takes time and your hard work to earn money. Earning from blogging depends on the traffic you are getting to your blog. You could make money from your blogs from affiliate marketing and by advertising. Google AdSense is a way to advertise your blog with ads which will earn you money when someone clicks on the ads. They have high CPC rate from anywhere between 1 cent and $1.5.

Earn Money Online by Taking Surveys:

Taking surveys is a good way to make money. Sites like surveysavvy.com pay its users about $50 for completing surveys. The amount varies for different surveys and that it is the maximum amount offered to me. But unfortunately I was not eligible for the survey. People from US have the most chancing of getting offers from them and it is important that you are eligible for the survey to complete offers. For this update your profile frequently and provide true opinions.

Paid to Download and Upload

Some sites allow you to make money uploading files to their sites. Downloading is also encouraged. But the earnings are not great. So I stopped this method. If you always download something, then do it from these sites, so that you could get the files and some money for doing nothing.

Publishing Pictures:

You could earn money when someone downloads pictures you have uploaded to sites like istockphotos.com. There are other sites which pay depending on the performance of the photos. That is if the photos uploaded by you receives 1000 views then you are paid some amount of money. Don't upload any photos that are not taken by you. It will let you into lots of trouble. And frankly saying, I haven't yet tried this method as I am not a good photographer.

Writing Articles:

Writing articles on Squidoo, e-how, Associated Content, Helium will give you chance to earn some money. Associated Content and Helium pays money as upfront payment and will also give money according to the performance of the articles. But the condition is that the article should get approved by the sites. Squidoo and e-how pays according to the performance of the articles. They pay a percentage of the adverts earnings. And they approve any articles.

Selling Digital Products:

This is another profitable way of earning money. If you could write some e-books about some good topics like health tips, making money tips you are in hunt for money. Submitting the e-book to Clickbank will bring hundreds or more of affiliates to your products and could increase the sale of your product drastically. E-books are the best sold by Affiliate Marketing as it helps others to learn something new.

Facebook Fan Page

Why Your Business Needs a Facebook Fan page:-



Consider this…As of August 2012, Facebook has 955-Million active users, with more signing up each day. With so many users it is no a longer a question of if your target market is spending their time on Facebook or not. Facebook is no longer just for teenagers, Facebook attracts all age groups from teens to grandparents. Facebook is quickly becoming a daily routine for many, including your target market.
Facebook’s unique Fan Pages allow your business to have a specific profile where your past customers, current customers and new customers can come together to create a community right around your products and services. As a business owner you know how important word of mouth marketing is; Facebook can be your best form of word of mouth marketing. The truth is, even if your business is not on Facebook, your customers are likely already talking about you. Give them a specific area and watch your brand awareness explode.
The Benefits to Your Business:-
  • Continual Communication with Your Customers
  • Status Updates Keep Your business at the top of your Customers mind
  • Relationship building with past and new Customers
  • Constant Branding – Your Business right on Your Customers News Feed
  • Platform for Sharing – Provide Important info, Testimonials, Video, etc.
  • Viral Marketing with the easy “Share” feature of Facebook (average Facebook user has 150+ Friends)
  • Receive valuable feedback from your Customers
  • Keep Your Customers Engaged with You
  • Build long term trust & loyalty with your customers
  • Keep Your Customers buying more and more often
  • Additional Traffic to Your Website
  • Increased search engine rankings
  • GROW YOUR BUSINESS by building real relationships with your Customers
  • Available for any business, regardless of size or industry
Market & Brand Recognition:-

Fan pages have become a major piece of any business’ marketing strategy. Just look at how corporate brands are using Facebook and you will notice that little Facebook icon is all over TV commercials, direct marketing pieces and posted for all to see at each location. Why is this?… Well they know that people are spending their time on Facebook. The best part about Facebook is that it’s a tool that regardless of business size or industry you can take advantage of the power provided by the network. Any business is able to build a Fan base, engage with their customers, build trust and ultimately increase brand awareness, resulting in more revenue.

Your Customers want Information Quickly:-
And by having a Fan Page that is optimized and managed properly they will be able to achieve just that. Facebook is setup to provide it’s users with a social experience, and as a business on Facebook you will provide your customers a community in which they are able to seek additional information on your products or services that will help them make a purchasing decision. On top of that, Facebook provides your customers with an easy way to share their experience with your business and with their friends; right now the average Facebook user has 150 friends, allowing your business name to go viral.
Facebook is becoming so popular that it is actually the number one visited site in the United States. People want access to info NOW and they want access to services and products from people they know and trust, that is exactly what Facebook provides. Every time a Facebook user comments on a status update or post by a brand they are telling their friends they support that brand, this increases brand awareness and trust between customers. If you do not have a Facebook Fan Page, chances are your customers are already looking for you on the ever growing network, either to share feedback or a positive experience they had with your business.
Measure the performance of your Fanpage:-

In order to get the most out of your network you must be able to track your Fan Page’s performance. Every Fan Page designed by Social Brothers will have several elements built in that will allow you to track the overall performance of your page. You will also learn how to monitor the statics provided directly by Facebook to determine the overall success of your page and to determine what areas of the page need to be tweaked for better results. Merely having a Fan Page is not enough, the Fan Page must be carefully monitored and managed to get the best results from the network. Social Brothers will either monitor your business page for you, included in all Monthly Management services or provide you with the tools to do so if you manage your page in house. Regardless of who manages your page, it is important not to be in the dark on your Facebook efforts. 
 

How To Get Rich Quick

The promise of a guaranteed method for how to get rich quick is one that is often broken. The average person would jump at a chance to earn thousands of dollars in a few hours of every day without having to expend much effort, however, the possibilities of actually doing so are slim. The Internet is full of programs intended for the express purpose of providing easy ways to make money, or so it may seem to the casual pursuer of instant wealth. Unfortunately most of the programs are not legitimate and simply take advantage of people who are blinded with the thought of being paid large sums in return for little effort. There are some get rich quick programs which are legitimate and worthwhile, however, they can be hard to come by. 

Those who desire to find ways on how to get rich quick should be aware of the fact that there are many programs available which should be avoided at all costs. Regardless if a company, product or service may seem legitimate, there is a good chance that the product or service is a scam. If a method seems too good to be true, extreme caution should be taken as the offer probably is not one that is worth a person's time, effort or money. Societal norms have touted a lifestyle founded on instant gratification and has yielded people who base their goals on the present rather than looking towards the future. People who are serious about securing a steady income from which to build a secure financial foundation should arm themselves with the knowledge that is required to not only protect existing assets, buy guarantee savings in the future.

There are hundreds of methods and procedures available for those who desire to find out how to get rich quick. People who are serious about making legitimate money have several options available to them. One way to possibly earn a significant amount of cash in a short period of time is to invest in stocks. The best strategy for investing is to watch the market in order to determine which companies have stocks that seem promising. Those who choose to invest in stocks should be cautioned that those who do so risk losing money over the long run as the market depends on the current economy. The best method is to seek out a company that is new to the market yet looks to be promising, and then stick with the investment through any possible ups and downs. Those who invest wisely can quite possibly earn a lot of money in short period of time. Another method for how to get rich quick is that of flipping properties. The cost of real estate varies, and at times houses can be found for cheap. Those who buy a property that is perhaps slightly run down have the option of fixing up the property and then placing the home back on the market. Chances are the house will sell for more than the original price. People who like to work with their hands can find this method a profitable one.

The Internet can be a good source of information for those who desire to learn how to get rich quick, however, many articles and information on the topic are written tongue and cheek. This is due to the fact that there are simply not that many honest ways for making enough money to live off of in the short term. Time is most often a factor that has to be factored into the process for making a genuine profit. A business needs quality time to get off the ground and to become established with a trusted client base. The virtual waters are full of websites constructed by people who claim to have discovered a surefire way of earning thousands of dollars in just a few hours of a day. Such sites are often full of testimonials from satisfied customers who claim that the methods have worked for them. Oftentimes, such words of recommendation should be taken with a grain of salt due to the fact that they are usually fibs shrouded in falsified words of praise and satisfaction.

Those who look for methods on how to get rich quick should be warned that there are few programs and services that can promise rapid accumulation of wealth. Hard work, wise decisions, and healthy monetary habits are the best courses of action for those who are on the lookout for methods for earning fast cash. There are no programs which can guarantee that large amounts of income can be gained in a short period of time, despite the plethora of services available that promise just that. In the long term, the best strategy is to work hard and to curb excessive spending. Instead of looking into ways on how to get rich quick people should invest their time into smarter ventures, such as ways in which to save money and invest wisely, rather than relying on a scheme for instant wealth.

Many services which boast of highly profitable businesses for how to get rich quick can be managed from home. However, very rarely is money made by those who sit back and do nothing. Even those who run internet based businesses out of their homes are required to put effort into the process. Hard work, dedication and a drive to succeed are not only important but necessary qualities that are required for making a profit. The value of hard work should never be overlooked or forgotten, "The labor of the righteous tendeth to life"

Way of Online Earnings

Write Article:

If you know to write article on different topics and you have skill to do it then you can earn by this way. There are too many webmasters whose need new and fresh articles for publishing on their own websites. So you can make much extra money by supplying your articles on their websites. You can earn usually more than $5.00 per article. Here are some of the places that contain freelance writing opportunities:
orums.digitalpoint – Copywriting Section
Guru.com etc…

Sign Up Offers:

Here you can earn by just signing up on the websites and by trying to get their offers.
So there are many companies willing to pay people who do sign up. You can find easily these companies from the website Treasure trooper.com. And glad to tell you that anyone can join treasure trooper free. Currently the site has over many paid offers in the database and most of the offers are targeted to US resident only. Earning per offer normally vary from $00.50 to $35.0.

Sell on eBay:

eBay is the biggest website in the world for auction. And eBay has been helping millions of people to own and operate a home based or small business opportunity. Online entrepreneurs can start an ebay business with little initial capital and sell their products in eBay without spending money on advertising and promotion because ebay has done all the promotion works for their sellers.

Earn money with paid to click PTC:

By using PTC websites you can easily earn by clicking on ads offering by the websites.
With paid to click PTC way, you earn money by browsing websites. There are other concepts like paid to surf, paid to view and paid to search and paid to read. Friendly speaking these sites are big time wasters because the amount they pay is very little comparing to the time you spend for each unit of ad. One of the popular PTC site where you can earn good amount of money is Bux.com and there are others also.

Earn Money with your Photos:

If you have skills to do photography and you are a good photographer, you can sell your exclusive photos or pictures online on many websites all over the world. This is a super concept where you can earn money online by selling your photos or pictures. Designers need photos for their projects and one of your pictures can be sold to many designers. So you can sell your photos on sites as iStock Photo etc…

Google Adsense:-

You also can earn money by making knowledge able websites for the audience. If you have skills to develope websites and you have web programming knowledge then you can earn money by your own websites. Your website should be able to provide a sufficient service or knowledge to the visitors so that they can get benefit from your website. After designing your website, you can apply for a Google adsense acount: www.google.com/adsense

By Forex Trading:

You can also earn money by doing Forex trading online. You just have to buy and sell currencies online. And when you see that by selling or buying you can get profit, you do that and get profit.
All Forex quotes are quoted with two prices: the bid and ask. For the most part, the bid is lower than the ask price. The bid is the price at which your broker is willing to buy the base currency in exchange for the quote currency. This means the bid is the best available price at which you (the trader) will sell to the market.

About Stretch Marks


It’s a fact of life; many women will end up with stretch marks. This happens to men as well, and both sexes may want to know what they can do about these red marks that have popped up on various parts of their bodies. You can't really get rid of them, but there are some things you can do to prevent them.
The most common reason these happen is pregnancy. In many cases, there is nothing you can do about stretch marks once they form. You can however, try to keep your skin moisturized. This will help keep your skin more elastic. This may not prevent the marks, but it may lessen the amount you get. Stretch marks also occur with sudden weight gain not related to pregnancy. When you think about stretch marks, you may not realize they can occur anywhere. When a person suddenly has gained weight, the skin cannot grow to accommodate the new size fast enough, and these marks can occur anywhere on the body.
 
Ask your doctor about stretch marks. In many cases, they will tell you there is nothing you can do about these red and pink marks, and you just have to live with them. Most start out bright pink or red, but will fade to a less noticeable color over time. If you are still wondering about stretch marks and various remedies on the market, it may be up to you if you would like to spend you money finding out which will work and which will not. Your doctor is your best source for information, so talk over any remedy you would like to try with him or her first. If you do a search about stretch marks, take each remedy with a grain of salt. You may find many do not totally eliminate the stretch marks, but many may help them fade. This is not a perfect solution, but it may help you feel better about your body and about stretch marks.
Another thing to consider about stretch marks is where they have appeared on your body. Upper arm and stomach stretch marks may be the most worrisome. If they have appeared in a place that may never see sunlight, you may not even want to bother with them. When it comes to worrying about stretch marks and how your body looks, remember that they most likely do not bother your spouse. Often, they are a reminder that you gave birth to a precious child, and your husband may see that as a beautiful reminder of that event.
No one is more critical of your body than you. If you are worried about stretch marks, talk to you spouse about them. You may find they aren't worried in the least and that they love you just the way you are. If you decide you just can’t live with them, go ahead and give a lotion or cream a try, just remember to talk to your doctor first, and don’t expect them to completely disappear.
 
Cont....
Although there are many people who want to know about stretch marks and how to treat them, unfortunately there is very little information available. There are thousands of products out there that claim that they can treat stretch marks, but in fact, unless you really want to spend all of the money to try all of these creams, unctions, and ointments, hoping against hope for a cure, you are really all out of luck. There have yet to be any comprehensive studies about stretch marks, and so there is not all that much know about how to cure this unattractive and inconvenient condition. Unless you want to spend all of the money required for laser treatment of stretch marks, you are really probably going to be forced to live with them on your body for the rest of your life, whether you like it or not.This is not the grimmest of fates. Although there are many people who worry about stretch marks, the fact is that they are really in most cases not all that noticeable. They occur, generally, on areas of the torso, and are faint, kind of wavy lines that are hard to see, except from closeup. They will rarely, if ever, show up on the face, or parts of the body that are subject to frequent display, so unless you spend your days at the beech, there is no reason to worry about stretch marks at all.
Honestly, I did not even know about stretch marks until we had our first child. Childbirth is a frequent cause of stretch marks among women, although it is surely not the only one. Certain stresses to the skin, such as weight gain, child birth, the onset of puberty, or other stresses, can overcome the ability that the skin has to stretch under pressure, causing the scar tissue that is known as stretch marks. There is not much you can do about stretch marks – they will fade with time if you lose weight, or have given birth, or whatever, but will never really go all the way away. Nonetheless, it has been 6 years since we had our kid, and I will tell you that, despite the fact that I have never really cared enough about stretch marks to buy any of those creams, they have faded almost all of the way away on my wife. Unless you are looking, you can't tell they are there.

Top Tips For Making Your Business Standout On Social Media

A recent study stated that 81% of small businesses are currently using social media. Another study mentions that the average Facebook user would see 1500 updates from Friends and Pages they follow in a single day. This all adds up to one thing, there is a lot of noise and competition on social media.
With all of this noise and competition, it’s important to make sure that your business is standing out from the average business using social media to grab the attention of your Followers. Lets look at someways that your business can standout and get noticed in a busy online platform.
Optimize Your Profile -
Many businesses are so eager to get involved with social media they don’t take the time to optimize their profiles. Optimizing your profile includes uploading custom images designed for the specific space provided by the platform, filling out all of the information fields and providing valuable information your customers may be looking for when visiting your profile including phone number, address and emails.
By having your profile completely optimized (in other words setup) you will standout from the majority of small businesses that just do the basics. When new or potential customers find your profiles they will be more inclined to Follow you seeing that you've taken the time to customize and brand your profiles. Profiles that are missing pieces risk losing new Followers, therefore losing potential sales and revenue.
Respond To Comments/Questions - 
Social media is often times the first channel your customers go to when it comes to asking questions and learning about your products or services. However, for the average small business comments and questions go unanswered, or at best responses are provided days after the question was asked.
News flash, social media users are looking for instant responses, that’s part of the reason why they use social media in the first place. If your brand is able to provide quick responses to inquiries on social media, you’ll be miles ahead of your competition. On the other hand, if you leave comments left unanswered, the customer asking the question isn't the only customer you’re potentially losing.
Because more often than not questions are posted publicly on your profile’s wall or via @mention, other users visiting your profile see these ignored questions as well. This instantly gives the impression to complete strangers that your brand doesn't care or isn't available to answer basic questions, this is NOT a good first impression. If you’re going to be using social media, make sure you’re checking it often enough to provide answers within the same day, within a couple hours is even better.
Share Interesting Updates - 
The average social media user is active on these channels to stay in touch with friends and family, not to see your sales pitch or commercials. Knowing this simple truth will make it easier to remind you to share interesting content that your Followers care about and want to engage with. This could include funny images related to your industry, articles, industry news, how to’s etc. Pushing special promotion or product information out every couple hours is a sure fire way to drive your Followers to you competition.
Because you are competing with so many other updates at any give time, it’s important that your updates grab the attention of your audience and make them want to engage. On some networks, primarily Facebook, the more engagement you receive from your Followers will determine how many of them actually see your updates, so make them interesting!
Tips to stand out on Social MediaShare Updates Regularly - 
Want your Followers to remember you, then make sure you engage with them on a regular basis. The truth is that after initially Following you, there’s very little chance that user is ever going to visit your profile again. This means that the only way they will see your brand is through updates. The more often they see and engage with your updates the more likely they will make a purchase from your business.
However, this is not an invitation to over share. Sharing 1-4 times daily on Facebook is ideal but on Twitter that looks more like 7-10 times. Remember, this is just a guideline, find out what works for your Followers and business, but whatever you do don’t put days in between your updates.
Provide Value - 
Last but not least, provide VALUE to your Followers. Give your Followers not only a reason to follow you initially but to continue to. There are several ways you can provide value, to name a few; sharing how to’s, industry news, answering common questions, holding fun contests/promotions, sharing updates about what’s going on behind the scenes in your business, etc. There’s several ways that you can provide value to your Followers, look at what your customers want and learn which solutions you can provide through social media.
Social media is a super powerful brand building, customer generating, sales increasing tool, if done correctly. Try implementing these top tips to make your social media stand out!

Talking to Children about Death


When we lose a loved one, it is often hard to comfort others - even our children.  Parents often avoid talking to their children about death because they think it will upset them.  But talking about death can help children deal with their fears.
     Children react to death in different ways than adults, and sometimes they say things that seem odd or inappropriate.  It is important to remember that your child is simply trying to understand and accept what has happened.
How to Explain Death to Children:
·Explain what happened in a way they can understand.·Encourage them to talk.  Listen and accept their feelings, no matter how difficult it may be.·Give clear, simple answers to their questions.  Also, it's okay to not have all the answers.·Help them understand that they will still be loved and looked after. ·Show affection, support, and consistency.  Let them know you will be there to help.·Share your feelings in a way they can understand and not be overwhelmed.  It's okay to let them
   know you hurt too.

Ice age to warming

The Little Ice Age and "the 8,200-year event" are not exactly household terms. Once only a handful of climate scientists puzzled over these episodes of abrupt climate change. Now, the topic is getting close scrutiny from the Pentagon, the halls of Congress, and even Hollywood - where a disaster movie set for release in May depicts a sudden deep freeze.
One reason for all the interest? While policymakers have worried long and hard about global warming, which might raise Earth's temperature 1.4 to 5.8 degrees C by century's end, a growing body of evidence suggests natural forces could just as easily plunge Earth's average temperatures downward. In the past, the planet's climate has changed 10 degrees in as little as 10 years. That may not sound like much. But the last time the planet was 10 degrees colder, it was still in an ice age. "There's the very real potential of the climate system changing dramatically and rapidly" in ways that lie outside modern human experience, says Mark Eakin, who heads the paleoclimatology program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
The possibility of a sudden freeze doesn't mean mankind can relax efforts to curb global warming, many scientists warn. Indeed, given the complexity of Earth's climate, human activities that spew greenhouse gases into the atmosphere may increase the potential for an abrupt cooling.
For example: Regional and global climates have undergone quick and dramatic changes even after what would appear to be only gentle prodding by natural influences, Dr. Eakin says. In many cases, that prodding has been far less severe than the changes humans have wrought via industrial emissions of carbon dioxide.
"In the absence of better knowledge, we have to assume that humans are making abrupt climate change more likely - not because humans are worse than nature, it's just because we're changing the system," says Richard Alley, a Penn State University paleoclimatologist. Dr. Alley led a 2002 National Research Council panel that examined abrupt climate change and laid out recommendations for research priorities and possible adaptation strategies.
Policymakers are beginning to pay attention. Last week, the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee sent to the full Senate a bill that would give NOAA $60 million for research into the causes of abrupt change. The work could help provide more accurate modeling of past and future climate change, perhaps yielding clues that could serve as an early warning to abrupt change.
Meanwhile, a report prepared for the Defense Department bids Pentagon planners to elevate the study of abrupt climate change "beyond a scientific debate to a US national security concern." The study was prepared by the Global Business Network, a corporate strategic planning and consulting firm in Emeryville, Calif.
These actions are fueled by a growing body of evidence over the past five years that Earth's climate has a history of rapid variations - and that if the paleoclimate record is any indication, this history repeats itself. Some periods, like the Little Ice Age, would cause hardships today, but industrial countries probably could adapt, researchers say. The Little Ice Age lasted roughly from 1300 to around 1870 and dropped temperatures in parts of the northern hemisphere by about 1 degree C.
To the casual observer, that drop may seem small. But from a climate and a social standpoint "it was huge," says Lloyd Keigwin Jr., a senior scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Woods Hole, Mass.
The year without summer
The Little Ice Age - actually three distinct cooling periods - chilled northern Europe and parts of the United States. It sent the Vikings back to Europe from their outposts in Greenland. Farms in Norway were covered with glaciers and crop failures around Europe caused famines and spikes in grain prices.
In 1816, New England experienced its "year without summer," when many crops failed. One researcher argues that the storm that wiped out a large part of the Spanish Armada - and made Sir Francis Drake's job easier - was part of the Little Ice Age pattern.
"The Little Ice Age is the only abrupt climate change that people have experienced in industrial times," says Dr. Keigwin.
Other abrupt changes, like the rapid cooling event that peaked 8,200 years ago, could be far more disruptive.
As scientists have studied the climate record trapped in glacial ice from Antarctica and Greenland, and in mud samples extracted from beneath the ocean floor, their respect for the speed of change has grown. In the mid-1950s, a change of roughly 3 degrees C over more than 1,000 years was deemed abrupt. In 1999, a team led by Jeffrey Severinghaus at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., determined that the last ice age ended with a temperature burst that raised the thermostat at Greenland by some 9 degrees C over a mere decade.
"We still don't understand the causes" behind the increase, he says. A range of abrupt regional and global changes poses the same challenge.
Atlantic conveyor belt
One potential source of change may be the North Atlantic, researchers say. There, warm water moves north along the surface, cooling as it travels. By the time the surface water reaches the far northern portions of the North Atlantic basin, it has cooled and grown denser than the underlying layers of ocean, and it begins to sink. The water then travels south along the bottom, driving an aquatic "conveyor belt" that spans the globe.
But researchers suspect that if enough fresh water, perhaps from melting ice, is injected into key spots in the North Atlantic, it can virtually shut down the conveyor. Fresh water is more buoyant than salt water and can form a layer that blocks the circulation. The Northern Atlantic region would then cool. Reduce the fresh water, researchers say, and the reverse can happen, warming the North Atlantic region.
Yet much of the evidence for this comes from records when the planet's climate was already cool, some scientists argue. So the evidence may not hold lessons for today, when the planet is in a warm hiatus between glacial periods. A more timely test of the North Atlantic's role in abrupt climate change, they say, may come through unraveling the mystery of a rapid cooling event that peaked 8,200 years ago.
By the standards of the Little Ice Age, the 8,200-year event was frosty and global. Although the event lasted only about 100 years, Greenland's temperatures dropped by about 3 degrees C. Indeed, the consultants who argue for upgrading the national security status of abrupt climate change used this event as their model.
Several researchers say the cooling 8,200 years ago may have been triggered by the collapse of ice dams holding back the waters of Lake Agassiz - a vast glacial reservoir covering the Great Lakes region of the US and Canada at the end of the last ice age. It would have flushed enough fresh water into the right places in the North Atlantic to shut down the conveyor.
But here, too, the picture grows murky. At a meeting last fall at the WHOI, researchers from the US and Canada looked at the problem and raised more questions than answers. For instance, no one has yet seen conclusive topographical evidence of such a huge outflow. If the waters of Lake Agassiz did surge into the Hudson Straits and the Labrador Sea, they surely would have carved a path in the land. This lack of evidence has sent some searching for an outflow path to the north, into the Arctic Ocean.
Core samples from the ocean floor also fail to confirm the Hudson Straits-Labrador Sea theory, says Mr. Keigwin of the WHOI. Instead, he has found evidence of freshening in the water much farther south and hugging the coast. This suggests that the water may have entered the Atlantic too far south to affect the conveyor - at least directly.
"This is an important problem," he says. If scientists can prove that freshening of the ocean did occur during this current period between ice ages, then the possibility of global warming triggering an abrupt climate change would have to be taken more seriously, he adds. "We need a coordinated effort" to answer the riddle

Runaway Glacier May Portend Rising Seas

Melting Ice Sheet is an 'Awakened Giant' in Antarctica: The vast West Antarctic ice sheet, once thought to be stable, could be crumbling. "Satellite measurements tell us that a significant part of the West Antarctic ice sheet in this area is thinning fast enough to make a significant contribution to sea level rise", said Chris Rapley, director of the British Antarctic Survey. 
"I would say that this is now an awakened giant. There is real cause for concern." Ice shelves that act as dams to glaciers have collapsed in recent years, allowing the glaciers to move toward the sea more rapidly and also grow thinner. Scientists have attributed the melting to a warming climate.

The largest glacier in Greenland doubled its forward progress toward the sea between 1997 and 2003, a new study found. The alarming acceleration coincides with a rapid thinning of the colossal structure, adding water to a rising sea at a faster pace than scientific models have been predicting.

The extra water in the ocean is a drop in the global bucket, but cause for concern nonetheless. Jakobshavn Isbrae, as it is known, is not the only glacier that's slipping away. Scientists say a warming climate is causing ancient glaciers to retreat suddenly on both the top and the bottom of the world.
Glacial shifts
Glaciers are like giant, slow-moving ice rivers that can be millions of years old. They advance and retreat with climate change. Glacial shifts usually occur at, well, a glacial pace -- over centuries or millennia. But scientists are now watching that scope of change occur in a matter of years.
The front edge of the Jakobshavn glacier has been retreating, overall, since at least 1850. Starting in late 2000, its inexorable flow toward the sea sped up.

The glacier moved forward at about 3.54 miles (5700 meters) each year between 1992 and 1997.
At one point in 2003 its pace was 7.83 miles (12,600 meters) per year. Suddenly, it nearly doubled the amount of ice it discharges into the sea, researchers say.

The glacier has thinned rapidly of late, too, losing roughly 49 feet (15 meters) of its vertical thickness every year since 1997.
 

All this suggests glaciers are not as stable as once thought. And that,
scientists say, could portend more rapid depletion of global ice stores than has been noted so far.

Dramatic change
"In many climate models glaciers are treated as responding slowly to climate change," said Ian Joughin, a glaciologist at the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington. "In this study we are seeing a doubling of output beyond what most models would predict. The ice sheets can respond rather dramatically and quickly to climate changes."
As more ice moves from glaciers on land into the ocean, it raises sea levels.
And since Jakobshavn Isbrae is a whopper -- it is Greenland's largest outlet glacier, draining 6.5 percent of that continent's ice sheet area -- the changes have increased the rate of sea level rise by about .002 inches (.06 millimeters) per year, or roughly 4 percent of the 20th Century rate of sea level increase, according to the new study.

"This finding suggests the potential for more substantial thinning in other glaciers in Greenland," added Waleed Abdalati, a scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center who also worked on the investigation. "Other glaciers have thinned by over a meter [3 feet] a year, which we believe is too much to be attributed to melting alone. We think there is a dynamic effect in which the glaciers are accelerating due to warming."
Elsewhere ...
A pair of separate studies, released in September, showed one mechanism by which melting can accelerate rapidly:

The breakup of an Antarctic ice shelf had a snowball effect on the depletion of glaciers it once abutted. In that work, scientists monitored the Larsen B ice shelf, which broke free of the Antarctic Peninsula in 2002. After the breakup, scientists watched nearby glaciers flow into the sea several times faster than before. They say the ice shelf, now gone, served as a dam, and they attributed the whole situation to a warming climate.